Greek Mythology Astyanax, Son of Hector

In Ancient Greek Mythology, Astyanax was the son of the King Priam of Troys oldest son, Hector, the Crown Prince of Troy, and Hectors wife Princess Andromache. Astyanaxs birth name was actually Scamandrius, after the nearby Scamander River, but he was nicknamed Astyanax, which translated to high king, or overlord of the city, by the people of Troy because he was the son of the city’s greatest defender. Astyanax’s Fate When the battles of the Trojan War were taking place, Astyanax was still a child. He was not yet old enough to participate in battle, and thus, Andromache hid Astyanax in Hector’s tomb. However, Astyanaxs hiding place was eventually discovered, and his fate was then debated by the Greeks. They feared that if Astyanax was allowed to live, he would come back with vengeance to rebuild Troy and avenge his father. Thus, it was decided that Astyanax could not live, and he was thrown over the walls of Troy by Achilles son Neoptolemus (according to Iliad VI, 403, 466 and Aeneid II, 457). Astyanax’s role in the Trojan War is described in the Iliad: â€Å"So saying, glorious Hector stretched out his arms to his boy, but back into the bosom of his fair-girdled nurse shrank the child crying, affrighted at the aspect of his dear father, and seized with dread of the bronze and the crest of horse-hair, [470] as he marked it waving dreadfully from the topmost helm. Aloud then laughed his dear father and queenly mother; and forthwith glorious Hector took the helm from his head and laid it all-gleaming upon the ground. But he kissed his dear son, and fondled him in his arms, [475] and spoke in prayer to Zeus and the other gods: â€Å"Zeus and ye other gods, grant that this my child may likewise prove, even as I, pre-eminent amid the Trojans, and as valiant in might, and that he rule mightily over Ilios. And some day may some man say of him as he cometh back from war, ‘He is better far than his father’; [480] and may he bear the blood-stained spoils of the foeman he hath slain, and may his mothers heart wax glad.† There are numerous retellings of the Trojan War that actually have Astyanax surviving the overall destruction of Troy and living on. Astyanax’s Lineage and Supposed Survival A description of Astyanax via The Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"Astyanax, in Greek legend, prince who was the son of the Trojan prince Hector and his wife Andromache. Hector named him Scamandrius after the River Scamander, near Troy Iliad, Homer relates that Astyanax disrupted the last meeting of his parents by crying at the sight of his father’s plumed helmet. After the fall of Troy, Astyanax was hurled from the battlements of the city by either Odysseus or the Greek warrior—and son of Achilles—Neoptolemus. His death is described in the last epics of the so-called epic cycle (a collection of post-Homeric Greek poetry),  The Little Iliad and The Sack of Troy. The best-known extant description of the death of Astyanax is in Euripides ’ tragedy Trojan Women (415  bc). In ancient art his death is often linked with the slaying of Troy’s King Priam by Neoptolemus. According to medieval legend, however, he survived the war, established the kingdom of Messina in Sicily, and founded the line that led to C harlemagne.†

Essay about Global Warming - 1260 Words

Global Warming The climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing. Many are agreed that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. Recent years show increasing temperatures in various regions, and increasing extremities in weather patterns. Research has shown that air pollutants from fossil fuel use make clouds reflect more of the sun’s rays back into space. This leads to an effect known as global dimming whereby less heat and energy reaches the earth. At first, it sounds like†¦show more content†¦We are fortunate that our modern societies have developed during the last 10,000 years of benignly warm, interglacial climate. But for more than 90 percent of the last two million years, the climate has been colder, and generally much colder, than today. The reality of the climate record is that a sudden natural cooling is far more to be feared, and will do infinitely more social and economic damage, than the late 20th century phase of gentle warming. The single human activity that is most likely to have a large impact on the climate is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. These fuels contain carbon. Burning them makes carbon dioxide gas. Since the early 1800s, when people began burning large amounts of coal and oil, the amount of carbon dioxide in the earths atmosphere has increased by nearly 30%, and average global temperature appears to have risen between 1 ° and 2 °F.Carbon dioxide gas traps solar heat in the atmosphere, partly in the same way as glass traps solar heat in a sunroom or a greenhouse. For this reason, carbon dioxide is sometimes called a greenhouse gas. As more carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere, solar heat has more trouble getting out. The result is that, if e verything else stayed unchanged, the average temperature of the atmosphere would increase. As people burn more fossil fuel for energy they add more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If thisShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Warming1544 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has become a well conversed topic among scientists and peoples in the world today. There are extremists who do everything possible to stop contributing to the warming, but the average person does little to alleviate the issue and in many cases refuses to acknowledge that there is a problem at all. 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Global warming is affecting the world economy, the overall health of the population, and most importantly the environment that surrounds us. Ignoring this problem will not just make it suddenly disappear; the world has to make an effort to stop it while it can still be maintained. Accepting the fact that it is happening is just the first step, the next step is takingRead MoreGlobal Warming1677 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. The actions taken by humans, such as industry and consumption of fossil fuels plus the increase in population and agriculture have played a big part in global warming. If something is not done soon the results could be very bad. By the middle of the twenty first century, there is evidence that the Earth will be warmer than it has been at any time in human history, and quite possibly since theRead MoreGlobal Warming1410 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming was first mentioned by ‘Svante August Arrhenius in 1896’, but in ‘1753, Joseph Black discovered carbon dioxide’ and in ‘1827, Jean-Batiste Fourier suggested that atmospheric effect kept the earth warmer than it would otherwise be’, (Direct.gov. n.d. A history of climate change). Since this time, reports, and study have be done with graphs to show the impact of global warming and what could happen to our planet. In 1979, the first conference was held this was called ‘International climateRead MoreGlobal Warming1245 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming The major threat of today’s world is global warming. Due to various reasons global warming turns out to be a serious issue in the last few years. 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Rhetoric Free Essays

Scott started a seminal debate within the rhetoric community with his essay, â€Å"On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic. † His argument – rhetoric is epistemic – has been analyzed and/or criticized by many scholars. Scott himself followed up in 1976 with an article titled, â€Å"On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic: Ten Years Later† in order to address some of these concerns, and add to his original thoughts. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite this follow-up, authors still continue criticize and defend his work. This essay will focus on three responses in particular, each focusing on a different aspect of Coot’s argument, in order to prove that rhetoric is in fact epistemic. First, Brunette’s, Three Meanings of Epistemic Rhetoric (1979) will examine three possible meanings and implications of Coot’s claim. Second, Harping’s What Do You Mean, Rhetoric is Epistemic? (2004) will hone in on the debate between Scott and Cheerier and Haskins, defining the positions of each. Finally, Banshee’s The Cartesian Anxiety in Epistemic Rhetoric: An Assessment of the Literature (1990) will address four key positions within the debate, and bring them together with his Bernstein term, â€Å"Cartesian Anxiety. From these responses it will become clear that while many scholars agree that rhetoric is epistemic, their definitions and viewpoints still vary. Before Jumping into the responses of other scholars, it is probably worth examining Coot’s own response, especially since it predates the essays soon to be examined. In this essay, Scott attempts to address three questions: â€Å"Is there one way of knowing or many? What sort of knowing does rhetoric strive to achieve? Is rhetorical relativism vicious? † (1976, 259). He states that there are many ways of knowing, emphasizing the lyricist nature of Ways of knowing. ‘ He believes that rhetoric should strive to achieve an actuality, or an agreed social construction (later it will become apparent that this facet of his argument is the one sparking the most debate). Finally, he attempts to dispel the positivist argument against him, that rhetorical relativism is vicious. This leads to some deeper discussion on the nature of subjective knowledge, of which his defining argument seems to be: â€Å"Relativism, supposedly, means a standard-less society, or at least a maze of differing standards, and thus a cacophony f disparate, and likely selfish interests. Rather than a standard-less society, which is the same as saying no society at all, relativism indicates circumstances in which standards have to be established cooperatively and renewed repeatedly’ (1976, 264) Brume seeks to offer up what he deems to be the three prevailing philosophies on epistemology. The first is what is considered the positivist view, which is essentially that there is a truth out there, and that people are either right or wrong about what they think is true. He emphasizes that rhetoric is the path to reaching that truth. The second is the classic interpretive approach, that different groups have different realities, and there knowledge within them. This means that within a group, someone can be wrong, although that doesn’t necessarily mean they’re wrong in all groups. Finally, he addresses the view that the world is much too complicated for humans to understand, which is evidenced by our need to define and label everything. Harping focus on defining terms, as he sees this as the most critical step in defining hitherto as epistemic. Specially, he examines the nature of â€Å"certainty’ and the implications of various definitions and views. Next he examines the term â€Å"rhetoric,† whose definitions has implications not Just in this debate, but for all rhetorical theory. Here he addresses the pros and cons of defining rhetoric in a broad or specific sense. Finally, Harping examines Justification, and how various scholar use justification within the realm of epistemology. Bingham compares four positions within ‘rhetoric as epistemic’ literature. How to cite Rhetoric, Papers

Culture and Nursing

Question: Discuss about theCulture and Nursing. Answer: Introduction In nursing care, there come the effects of culture conflicts during provision of health services. Although culture is important because it is already rooted in the society, the interests of the patient should be considered. In some cases, it is thought that culture competence is necessary when the health care competence is being sought. What needs to be done is that the nurses should culturally competent skills so that they can be able to offer health care services which are both clinically and culturally acceptable in a mutual way. In the end, a patient care plan is able to be created which seeks to address the health concerns of the patient. Although both competencies are of benefits in the provision of quality health care, they have different perspectives. The cultural beliefs aim at ensuring that equitable health care is provided to all people and hence focuses on the marginalized and disadvantaged people. The patient-centered care seeks to provide individual health care as well as personal relationships of the patient. This paper seeks to determine the cultural theories which present themselves when delivering healthcare services to the communities by evaluating published articles to indicate the completeness of reports based on this subject. Cultural Skills in a Health Care Provider The interventions offered by the health service provider are therefore based on the context of the community that they are providing services to. Once the cultural belief and information related to the patient are obtained, the nurse is able to come up with a mutually acceptable treatment plan for each patient presenting with a given medical problem. The nurse, therefore, needs to be properly equipped with the proper frameworks and tools necessary for carrying out the cultural examination on a patient. Muslim Cultures in Relation to Health Padela et al., 2012, argues that for a medical practitioner to offer an acceptable medical care to Muslim patients, there is the need of having a clear knowledge of the manner in which the culture of these people relates to health care especially if there is a cultural conflict. Therefore, the author begins by stating that the minority communities are likely to receive an inferior health care service in the communities. Some modifications in the Islamic are investigated for adoption in the health care delivery. The community based participatory research was used to find out the feelings of the effects of Muslim culture on health care delivery. The participants of the study reported that in most instances, they were stigmatized by health care givers. This is as a result of a long time existence of a conserved manner of these people due to the boundaries that their religion and culture has created on them. It becomes very important therefore for a nurse to know the implications of offe ring a given medical care against the culture of the community that they are working in, while at the same time upholding a high level of clinical practice ethics. Among the major issues which bring some controversy when offering clinical care in a Muslim community is the issue of privacy, the diets that they take, modesty, the medications that they are subjected to and the manner in which the use of touch is done. The population of the Muslims is always growing with their worldwide distribution, which means that their medical needs are also on the rise. This would suggest that in normal clinical care, nurses get an encounter with Muslim patients more often than not. In this article, the community recommends that the health care givers need to accommodate some cultural issues such as gender sensitivities during health care. Family and Culture Centered Care According to Hweidi, Al-Shannag, 2014, the nurses need to put in consideration the family needs of the patients during nursing care. The results from an interview in this article indicates that the most preferred patient needs were comfort, assurance and information while the least were support and proximity. The strict boundaries laid upon by the Muslim cultural beliefs, it can be a challenge for the nurses who are non-Muslims to offer a proper patient-centered care. Greater challenges arise especially if the medical facility is situated within the communities dominated by the Muslim culture. To deliver health care services which are sensitive based on the culture of Muslims, it is crucial that the nurse becomes familiar with the rights of passage of Muslims right from birth until death as well as the risks and prejudices surrounding their faith and the manner in which they practice their traditional health care services. The author recommends that nursing should be practiced by co nsidering both family and culture centered principles so that the results can be impressing. How do Muslims view Health Care? Padela Curlin, 2013 argues that cultural and religious beliefs determine the manner in which the local people seek help for their illnesses. The Kleinman method of cultural framework was used to interpret the literature of American Muslims in relation to health. The Muslims believe that the best gift they can receive from God is a well-being that encompasses the social, physical, spiritual and mental states. Muslims believe that once they become sick, the should be patient enough as they pray and meditate on their health conditions. In fact, the Muslims who do not actually practice this religion seek religious interventions whenever they are faced with difficult situations. The general perception of sickness by Muslims is that it is a form of a test by God in an effort to give forgiveness for their sins, a sign of a reminder for them to improve their health, a spiritual gift or could be a sign that they have failed to follow the Islamic laws at some point. Therefore, to avoid these issues, the Islamists value a good health for themselves in religious terms and when death comes in, they view it as an opportunity to meet their God. These and other cultural beliefs bring some controversy when health care is being offered by nurses to Muslim patients. The author proposes a research agenda which will focus on issues relating to the minority religion in relation to health care. The Theories of Privacy Cheraghi et al., 2014 states that there are various beliefs and traditions which govern the manner in which the Muslims view their health situations. There are some other issues like privacy that the Islamic culture requires that they need to be met. When a Muslim patient is hospitalized, they need to be offered the highest level of privacy as well as modesty according to their cultural demands. In fact, it requires that the nurse serving in that particular ward should be of the same gender to the patient. In other words, if it is a female ward, the nurse should be female and if it is a male ward, the nurse should be a male. The issue of gender sensitivity also applies to the medical conditions related to gynecological as well as maternity health care services. In normal circumstances, this gender distribution of the nurses might not be as the patient may expect due to the varied staffing compositions of various health care centers. In case there are no balanced nurses, a male nurse is only allowed to take care of a female Muslim patient only when accompanied by any other female member of staff or an adult relative of the patient being offered medical care. Another issue is the idea of the Muslim patient being reluctant to expose their bodies especially when clinical examinations are being carried out. In fact, a nurse should seek permission from the patient before they uncover any part of the body of the Muslim patient. If the permission is granted, the uncovering needs to be only up to the minimum part that was requested. The author advices that for an understanding on how Islamic culture impact health, it is important that the researchers inquiries capitalize on the disparities that exist between health care and Islamic culture. Eye Contact and Touch According to Mujallad Taylor 2016 modest is highly valued in the Islamic culture. Modesty encompasses the manner in which people of the opposite sex dress or interact including touch restrictions. When it comes to members of the opposite sex, they are not allowed to touch one another or even shake hands except only for the members of the family. This can pose a great challenge for the nurses but they actually need to adapt to this, touching a Muslim patient is only allowed when a nurse is performing a clinical examination on the patient of the opposite sex. However, the issue of touch is not a problem among the people of the same sex, say for instance the patient and the nurse. When it comes to the issue of eye contact, the Muslim patient should avoid a direct eye contact with the nurse of the opposite gender. This does not mean that the patient lacks trust to the nurse but it is treated as an act of being modest. Moreover, the issue of taking care of Muslim patients is a community affair as indicated by their cultural theories and hence Muslim visitors might not adhere to the rules such as time set aside for visiting their patients. The nurses hence need to take note of this crucial aspect when handling such an issue to prevent the need for compromising clinical health care for the patients. It therefore beats logic because at one point or the other there must be eye and physical contact between the nurse and the patient. As a result, the author advices that the cultural beliefs in nursing care should be observed such that modesty is strictly observed. But in most cases, the gender composition of the nurses in a health facility may not allow their beliefs to be met. Dietary Beliefs and Fasting Mathew, 2014 argues that the Muslim cultures give high regards to the halal foods because these foods are considered to be clean and safe for consumption. Such beliefs have also been adopted by the non-Muslims since there are strict measures that are need to be met in processing such foods. These beliefs are likely to be extended even in the nursing care, demanding that the food should be halal for Muslim patients. There are foods such as pork, fats from animals and alcohol which they are not allowed to eat. This earns that nurses might find a hard time especially when Muslim patients refuse to eat hospital food with claims that it is not halal. In this case, the nurses can either prepare halal food or provide fruits and vegetables to the patients. This can pose challenges especially to the non-Muslims people who cannot understand this culture. The Muslim patients may insist on fasting especially during Ramadan. This can provide problems to the nurse especially if they are dealing with diabetes patients whose blood sugar levels needs to be closely monitored. Fasting can be very dangerous especially to diabetes patients who are on insulin. It is important that the nurses give proper education of the patients on issues related to fasting and its effect on their medical conditions. Conclusion The health care provider serving a certain community should be able to understand the cultural beliefs of the respective community. This would enable them to carefully collect the information relating to the patient who has presented with some medical problems in a manner which is culturally acceptable. This means that it is crucial for the health care provider to be able to collect this information from a patient in a professional manner. This enables the specific needs of the patient, groups or communities to be me through a systematic way while considering the beliefs and cultural practices in an effort to provide a patient-centered care. These are the articles used for analysis References Cheraghi, M. A., Manookian, A., Nasrabadi, A. N. (2014). Human dignity in religion-embedded cross-cultural nursing. Nursing ethics, 21(8), 916-928. Hweidi, I. M., Al-Shannag, M. F. (2014). The Needs of Families in Critical Care SettingsAre Existing Findings Replicated in a Muslim Population: A Survey of Nurses Perception. European Journal of Scientific Research, 116, 518-528. Mathew, V. N. (2014). Acceptance on Halal food among non-Muslim consumers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 121, 262-271. Mujallad, A., Taylor, E. J. (2016). Modesty among Muslim women: implications for nursing care. MedSurg Nursing, 25(3), 169-173. Padela, A. I., Curlin, F. A. (2013). Religion and disparities: considering the influences of Islam on the health of American Muslims. Journal of religion and health, 52(4), 1333-1345. Padela, A. I., Gunter, K., Killawi, A., Heisler, M. (2012). Religious values and healthcare accommodations: voices from the American Muslim community. Journal of general internal medicine, 27(6), 708-715.