Education Of Gifted Essays - Intelligence, Anthropology,

Education Of Gifted Running head: GIFTED EDUCATION/CIVIL RIGHTS Education of Gifted Students A Civil Rights Issue? Article Critique Education of Gifted Students A Civil Rights Issue? This paper seeks to answer the question: Is the differential representation of the sexes and of racial and ethnic groups in educational programs for gifted students a civil rights problem? The author does a more than adequate job of presenting the arguments on both sides of the issue and drawing logical inferences. The article seeks to identify the actual dilemma and proposes possible approaches for resolution. Much of the school system today has been shaped by the civil rights laws of the past. The writer notes that the link these rights have to education is the pledge of an equal opportunity for all children to learn and be educated in this country. Schools must accomplish this without regard to race, creed or gender. The author notes that there have been references to the gifted programs being just another subtle form of segregation by the white upper-middle-class. These concerns arise from the fact that the representation of the sexes and of ethnic groups within the gifted classes reflects just such a phenomenon. The unjustified beliefs of genetic inferiority of some races have long since been denounced. These unfounded beliefs have been replaced by research which indicates that the genetic component of intelligence is augmented by the nurturing environment (or lack thereof) of a child. The paper sites twin studies, which give creedence to the genetic component of intelligence, and notes these differences apply within the different ethnic and racial groups. The author attributes an almost equal role to the environment of the child referring to nurturing as the crystallization of native abilities. Noting the differences between the sexes in math and verbal skills, the author seeks to validate this conception. The author sees the cultural values of society as an unavoidable encroachment upon the genders resulting in these differences. I beg to differ, as molecular and developmental studies have shown that there are structural and biological differences in the brains of males and females (Zhang, 1995; Palego, 2000). As a molecular biologist I would be more inclined to attribute differences to the biochemical aspects of development. The writer next addresses the inequities of intelligence tests and accurately identifies them as mere predictors of future academic performance. We are unable to measure native ability with these instruments but these devices do allow for a comparison of the developmental level of a child in the areas of core knowledge, reasoning and conceptual association. It is through these measures that predictions of future performance are made. The author now brings Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences into the debate. He uses the theory to propose expanding the definition of giftedness. Although I do agree in principle with Gardner's theory, the already limited

Free Essays on Summer Sisters

Summer Sisters-Judy Blume Caitlin and Victoria become â€Å"summer sisters† when Caitlin first invites Victoria to come with her to her father’s vineyard for the summer in only second grade. Each summer after that throughout junior high, high school, and beyond, they remain best friends, sharing secrets and making memories about love, life, and growing up. When they are teens they both fall into lust with these two older boys. Caitlin being the girl she is, she lets hers go without looking back, and Victoria, true to herself, stays with Bru throughout her entire Harvard career. When the book starts off with Caitlin announcing to Victoria that she is getting married, Victoria is forced to remember all of the times she and Caitlin shared in the Vineyard, and the times that followed. The best part about Blume’s style is her vivid descriptions and thourough continuity. Through the whole story, both main characters, Caitlin and Victoria, stay true to their nature. Each girl matures in her own way, and the feelings may change, but their perceptions, and style always stay the same. Blume writes Caitlin as emotional, spontaneous, flamboyant, spontaneous, and very open with her feelings. Victoria, on the other hand, is quiet, keeps to herself, and doesn't want the world to know how she feels. She doesn't often tell other people how she feels. Victoria is easier to relate to, and she thinks the way many teenagers today think. The characters get along well because of the "opposites attract" idea. I think both of the characters were very well described by the author. Judy Blume did a very good job making the characters come to life and making you feel what they feel throughout the story. I think that the universal idea behind the story is "Never judge people". I think the author did a very good job relaying this message because she shows how Caitlin never judges people by being so spontaneous about everything, and always looking on the b... Free Essays on Summer Sisters Free Essays on Summer Sisters Summer Sisters-Judy Blume Caitlin and Victoria become â€Å"summer sisters† when Caitlin first invites Victoria to come with her to her father’s vineyard for the summer in only second grade. Each summer after that throughout junior high, high school, and beyond, they remain best friends, sharing secrets and making memories about love, life, and growing up. When they are teens they both fall into lust with these two older boys. Caitlin being the girl she is, she lets hers go without looking back, and Victoria, true to herself, stays with Bru throughout her entire Harvard career. When the book starts off with Caitlin announcing to Victoria that she is getting married, Victoria is forced to remember all of the times she and Caitlin shared in the Vineyard, and the times that followed. The best part about Blume’s style is her vivid descriptions and thourough continuity. Through the whole story, both main characters, Caitlin and Victoria, stay true to their nature. Each girl matures in her own way, and the feelings may change, but their perceptions, and style always stay the same. Blume writes Caitlin as emotional, spontaneous, flamboyant, spontaneous, and very open with her feelings. Victoria, on the other hand, is quiet, keeps to herself, and doesn't want the world to know how she feels. She doesn't often tell other people how she feels. Victoria is easier to relate to, and she thinks the way many teenagers today think. The characters get along well because of the "opposites attract" idea. I think both of the characters were very well described by the author. Judy Blume did a very good job making the characters come to life and making you feel what they feel throughout the story. I think that the universal idea behind the story is "Never judge people". I think the author did a very good job relaying this message because she shows how Caitlin never judges people by being so spontaneous about everything, and always looking on the b...

ADULT DEV SLP2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ADULT DEV SLP2 - Research Paper Example Thus when an individual turns into an adult he should not be taught, guided and directed as children. Secondly, when an individual enters into adulthood, they have captured huge amount of experience and information and this experience is of high value to them as this experience shapes their beliefs, norms and values. If teachers underestimate the experience of adult learners and start teaching them through their own experience like they teach children, adults tend to question what the teachers are teaching because their experiences might be different from what the teachers and the course material is informing them. As an individual enters the ages of adulthood, his/her demand for knowledge increases and his/her readiness to learn more even increases (Merriam, 1989). During childhood, individuals do not tend to care much about education and whatever they learn is more targeted towards completing a particular course and earning high grades in them. On the other hand an adult learns so he can practice what he has learned, thus they want to learn more so they can apply more and become successful in their jobs. Since adults are working and have jobs, they give more importance to the practical side of knowledge they are gaining from educational institutes. An adults learning is more task oriented than just for the purpose of gaining knowledge (Rubenson, 2011). This is why when educators teach theory to adults without informing them about the application of that theory, adults find that piece of information irrelevant and tend to ignore its importance. On the other hand if educators teach concepts wi th practical application to adults, adults will learn better and absorb more information. During adulthood, students prefer not to waste time as their social roles increase. Their social role may include role of father, son, employee, friend, student and husband. Thus, adult students have to devote their time and effort to all their

Criminology- prisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminology- prisons - Essay Example It is a place to prepare the prisoners to meet the challenges of the outside world upon their release. The person responsible for training the prisoners and mentoring and transforming them into good citizens is known as the prison officer (The role and function of prison 2000). The job of a prison officer is quite complicated and involves risks as well as rewards. The present day conditions of the prisons in the UK have made this complex job even more challenging. Many controversies associated with the prisons in UK, deaths in the custody and suicide attempts have made matters worse. The frequent incidents of bullying and assaulting of prisoners by prison officers have added insult to injury (Dawkins 2008). Condemning such practices and other flaws in the prison system, Dawkins a former prison officer highlighted the job of prison officers. In Dawkins (2008) opinion the most important job a police officer performs is to make the prisoners under their care, realize their wrong doings and help them amend their ways. Prison officers are unfortunately portrayed negatively in media and in literature. They are shown as violent individuals who are corrupt as well. They are portrayed as uniformed men whose daily rituals are beating and torturing the prisoners. It is portrayed that prison officers can commit these felonies and escape without facing any consequences. However, this is not always correct as they are the upholders of law and never at any point are above the law (Champion & Champion Jr. 2011, p. 105). Nevertheless, there are some aggressive kind of prison officers who take undue advantage of their power and authority and this is just because of it all of the prison officers are referred to negatively. It is true that not all prison officers are tolerant and amiable individuals; there are some officers who behave rather

Proposal for Aquisition of LifeCell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Proposal for Aquisition of LifeCell - Essay Example LifeCell Corporation deals in developing, processing, as well as marketing of tissue-based products which are used in reconstructive, urogynecologic and orthopedic surgical processes to restore soft tissue defect in America and worldwide. LifeCell's reconstructive products consist of AlloDerm used for plastic reconstruction, all-purpose surgical, burn up, and periodontal processes; in addition to Strattice, a porcine dermis which eliminates cells and lessens a constituent in the xenogeneic rejection reaction. LifeCell's orthopedic tissue restore products include GraftJacket for restoring damaged or insufficient integumental tissue in orthopedic surgical procedures. The company was incorporated in 1992 in the State of Delaware. (LifeCell Company, 2007) The company has a research and a development team which has ongoing research programs to develop new products required in the clinical applications and surgical applications to enlarge the company's product mix in the highly fast growing bio-surgery industry. (LifeCell Company, 2007) Sof... 2. GraftJacket; for orthopedic uses and lower end wounds 3. AlloCraft DBM; used for bone grafting processes 4. Repliform; used for urogynecologic surgical processes 5. Strattic; for specific plastic reconstruction and all-purpose surgical Processes The company has a research and a development team which has ongoing research programs to develop new products required in the clinical applications and surgical applications to enlarge the company's product mix in the highly fast growing bio-surgery industry. (LifeCell Company, 2007) Industry overview Soft tissue, for example dermis, blood vessels, nerve connective tissue and heart valve encloses an intricate, three-dimensional makeup which consists of manifold forms of elastin, proteoglycans, collagen several proteins as well as vessels (tissue matrix). As component of the human body's normal remodeling procedure, cells In a tissue constantly degrade during this process it replaces the tissue matrix. Nonetheless in the occasion of a large port of tissue matrix is lost or destroyed as a result of surgery or trauma, the human body cannot be able to regenerate that destroyed part this results in scar development. In such a case, surgeons encounter several treatment alternatives for repairing physiology and structure function, the alternatives includes using implants materials from the patient's body parts ("autograft") or created allograft tissue or using synthetic products. The company believes that the best alternative is the use of allograft or xenograft from the company which do not cause tissues matrices to undergo any damages. (Covell, 2006): Industry and market data Table 2, below, has estimated market information of the company's main products in the USA market. The

Describe The Strategy Of Inflation Targeting Economics Essay

Describe The Strategy Of Inflation Targeting Economics Essay In recent years, policymakers realized the weight of the inflation cost on the economy and started to pay more attention to the price stability goal. The latter is increasingly considered as the most important goal of monetary policy. Inflation has detrimental effects that could lead to a low economic growth, making the future hard to anticipate (Mishkin, 2007). The need to adopt monetary policies that can subsequently overcome the inflation issue had emerged in many countries. Central Banks had different options of strategies to implement in order to achieve long-term price stability including the inflation targeting and the monetary targeting also known as money growth targeting. In the first case, Central Banks target an explicit value of inflation while in the second case, they aim to reach a certain level of growth of a monetary aggregate. An increasing number of countries have chosen the inflation targeting to achieve price stability (Genberg, 2002). Some of them have moved away from monetary targeting to inflation targeting. A question arises: why are the Central Banks using inflation targeting over money-growth targeting? To address this question, this paper will confront these two monetary policies and try to understand the reasons of the decline of monetary targeting in favour of inflation targeting. MONEY-GROWTH TARGETING Definition The money-growth targeting refers to one of the monetary policy strategies where central banks targets an objective of an annual growth rate of a monetary aggregate (M1, M2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) in order to maintain price stability. A set of variables called intermediate targets such as money supply are used in order to have an impact on the level of inflation. These variables have to satisfy three conditions that are: measurability, controllability and ability to predictably affect the goal that is price stability. For instance, the Central Bank can announce that it will attain 5% growth rate of M2. This is an indirect way to control the final target of inflation (Mishkin, 2007). Money-growth policy was adopted in 1975 by the US Federal reserve to answer the request of Congress about setting monetary targets. Germany, United Kingdom, France and many other countries also implemented the money-growth policy in late 1970s. Examples of countries that adopted money-growth targeting In the 1970s, many countries chose this monetary targeting policy; some of them such as Germany succeed in its implementation whereas others such as the United States failed to reach their growth target range. The German success relied on two main elements: first, the flexibility of their policy rule that targeted a money aggregate but allowed it to fluctuate within a tight interval; and second, the good communication by the Bundesbank to the public. Conversely, the United States failed in implementing this monetary policy mainly because of a poor monetary control and a priority given to interest-rate movements to control inflation (Mishkin, 2007). Many cases of failure of money-growth targeting led Central Banks to change their monetary policy in favour of inflation targeting. INFLATION TARGETING STRATEGY Definition of inflation-targeting Inflation targeting was firstly adopted by New Zealand in 1990, then many countries followed such as the United Kingdom in 1992 (Mishkin, 2007). It is a monetary policy strategy that aims to sustain an explicit target level of inflation to achieve long run price stability. It is based on five key elements: publication of the numerical targets for inflation institutional commitment to sustain price stability as a principal goal information-inclusive strategy with many variables that are used for deciding the setting of monetary policy instruments communication to guarantee the transparency accountability of the Central Bank for hitting its inflation target (Mishkin, 2000). Although these five key elements are common to many countries, the way they are interpreted and applied should be country-specific. Indeed, even if countries have similar goals, they are different in their level of sensitivity to shocks and in the way they transmit mechanisms. Thus, they may imply different reactions to the same event (Genberg, 2002). The successful case of Chile The Chilean example illustrates a case where implementing the inflation-targeting was successful. In 1990, the inflation rate of that country was almost 30%. The Central Bank decided to adopt this new strategy by targeting a certain level of inflation (more than 20%) for the following 12 months. Year after year, the Chilean Central Bank reduced the inflation objectives until reaching 3.5% at the end of the decade. The Consumer Price Index inflation followed the tendency of the inflation target as it decreased from almost 30% in 1990 to 3% in the end of 1999 as we can see in the graph below. Thus, targeted inflation rates were remarkably achieved (Valdà ©s, 2007). Consumer Price Index Headline Inflation and Inflation Targets, 1985-1999 (%) The success of this gradual disinflation is due to the actions and the independence of the Chilean Central Bank but also thanks to two main supportive policies: the good fiscal policy avoiding large deficits and the healthy financial system encouraging regulations (Mishkin, 2000). Why many countries shifted away from money-growth targeting to inflation targeting? The decline of money-growth targeting One of the major disadvantages of money-growth targeting is that the achievement of the inflation objective depends on one essential condition which is the strength of the relationship between the targeted monetary aggregate and inflation; otherwise the desired result will not be reached. If this connection is weak, it would be difficult to use money-growth targeting to communicate, and this will alter the transparency of Central banks policy. Indeed, this unpredictable and instable relationship between targeted monetary aggregate and the goal variables led several countries in the 1990s to shift from money-growth policy to the inflation targeting strategy. In the 1980s, the financial innovations combined to the deregulation of the financial markets harmed the reliance on monetary targets by reducing moneys controllability (Granville, 2010). Furthermore, in the same period, the gold standard system was abandoned because of the ascent of immaterial economy. The monetarism was degraded which promoted the rise of inflation targeting. Moreover, exchange rates were also used as a target from mid-80s to mid-90s but their efficient as means of stabilizing economy were suspected especially after the currency crisis of the 1990s. Thence, inflation targeting became the most reliable substitute to these declining instruments. Advantages and disadvantages of inflation targeting The inflation targeting policy counts several advantages and disadvantages; this paper will focus on the main ones. Unlike money growth targeting, the inflation targeting success is not based on the relation between inflation and money. Indeed, a Central Bank can use other variables to conduct properly this monetary policy. Central Banks frequent interaction with governments, which are in charge of making public announcements, drives the inflation targeting strategy to be more transparent. These settings allow the public to get a better understanding of the policy (Bernanke et al., 1999). By stating an explicit numerical target of inflation, its evolution is clearer and easily understood and followed. For example, the Chilean Central Bank maintained its credibility by announcing on each September an annual targeted inflation rate for the next year on its Report to Congress (Valdà ©s, 2007). Thanks to this transparency, Central Banks accountability increases which reduces the occurrence of time incompatibility when the Central Bank applies an expansionary monetary policy in order to increase employment in the short run (Mishkin, 2007). However, inflation targeting has major disadvantages. The first one is the delayed signalling due to the inability of inflation target to send instantaneous signals. However, this issue cannot be overcome by the money-growth targeting as the signal of the monetary aggregates is not strong. The second disadvantage concerns the rigidity of inflation targeting because of the inflexible rules of the policy and the restricted capability of the policymakers to react to unpredictable events (Mishkin, 2007). Nevertheless, in practice, inflation targeting is flexible, as it does not impose mechanical directives. Indeed, this monetary policy enables Central Banks to adapt its implementation to different situations. For instance, during its first adoption of the inflation targeting strategy in 1991, the Chilean Central Bank decided to rely on inflation projections rather than formal inflation targets as suggested by this monetary policy. Few years later, after achieving and reducing its inflation projections, the Central Bank started considering hard inflation targets and started being accountable for hitting them (Mishkin, 2000). According to Valdà ©s (2007), the Chilean case shows that inflation targeting raises the possibility of self discovery, improvements and learning. Also, the fact that inflation depends on several variables makes it hard to control. Indeed, inflation integrates the impacts of these variables that are not disclosed in the short run. Finally, inflation targeting may not guarantee fiscal order. In fact, when fiscal deficits occur, they can be financed by either devaluating or printing money. In the two cases, inflation increases. CONCLUSION Adopting the appropriate monetary policy is vital for the progress and the prosperity of an economy. Many cases of money-growth targeting failure led Central Banks to change their monetary policy in favour of inflation targeting. The Chilean case represents a successful implementation of inflation targeting. Indeed, the inflation targets were remarkably reached. However, the example of Chile does not allow us to deduce that inflation targeting may succeed for all countries. Although countries have similar goals, they may have different reactions to the same event.

Fire as technology and influence on society :: essays research papers fc

Fire and Me: A Growing Experience Throughout human history, people have made discoveries and innovations which made their lives easier and more efficient. Many of these creations have advanced our culture, while others have paved the way for future advancements and inspired new ways of thought. One example of this is the discovery of fire, which revolutionized the way humans act and think. Fire has a unique connection to humans, evolving alongside humanity, each growing in ways that wouldn't have been possible without the other. We can only speculate as to how humans began to control fire, yet it can safely be assumed that humans are not the only species able to work with fire. Chimpanzees have been taught to light cigarettes, and orangutans have been observed maneuvering sticks, which they caught on fire, for a short time before the fire burned out (Goudsblom 25). The interesting thing; however, is that fire is universally used by humans (Goudsblom 20). Human cultures which have never had interactions with other human societies have developed control over fire. By control of fire, it is meant that a culture is able to consistently manipulate fire, keeping a fire burning for extended periods of time. This shows humans who have been isolated from all other cultures have learned to control fire themselves, rather than this control of fire being taught to them from an outside source, such as a separate culture which has already harnessed fire. This would imply a natural connection between humans and fire as all humans can control fire, and no other species other than humans have been successful in consistently using fire. Why did primitive man harness fire? At first glance, fire appears to have few natural advantages, and yet has many potentially harmful effects. Fire is destructive, devastating anything which comes across its path. This devastation is irreversible as once something is burned it cannot be returned to its unburned state (Goudsblom Intro). These characteristics are far from attractive, and yet humans, rather than fearing fire, came to adopt it. The adoption of fire could be attributed to several factors which occur during a natural fire. First, game can easily be seen fleeing a fire since the underbrush has been burned away, and some animals can be found killed and cooked by the fire. After a fire has died, warmth can still be found in the embers of the blaze (Goudsblom 14).

The war which the world feared upon never happened

The war which the world feared upon never happened, the Cold War. United States of America and the Soviets are preparing for this battle as who among these super powers will really dominate the world. As a means of preparation they are to dominate the seas, especially the under sea navigational fleet, the Submarines.American leaders as a means of preparing for battle put their trust and confidence in their submarine force. Empowered by their own power plants these nuclear submarines are to dominate the seas with unbelievable sophistication and with weapons of incredible destructive power.The idea of submarine came from the Germans who were the ones who pioneered in the creation of the vessel during World War II (Weir, 1998). The US Navy has envisioned that submarines of the future would go deeper and move much faster. Thus as the years passed, the nuclear submarine was created.Under the US military force, the main mission of the first known SSBNs or â€Å"Ship Submersible Ballistic Nuclear† was for the prevention of war to happen. They are to be deployed to strategic sites for them to guard and thus to prevent war   (Weir, 1998). Because of their relentless power, as the nuclear is used to propel them, they have the capability to submerge and circumnavigate the world with fewer expenses. They can submerge for number of days to avoid detection and can easily guard strategic sites as their main mission. They are considered as the guardians of a possible nuclear war.According to David Munns in his book, the greatest advantage so that submarines, armed with ballistic missiles, can release its relentless power is that they have to be close to the shore. This idea was the main basis for the development of the undersea military force of both United States and the Soviet Union. Throughout the 45-year Cold War both countries developed submarines, especially nuclear powered, to gain intelligence or for espionage, due to its stealth power, and to attack and destr oy any possible enemy surface ships. Its powerful ballistic missiles have the ability to attack ground or land based targets. Both countries develop such powerful undersea fleet and were considered as the most potent nuclear threat for both of them. (Munns, 2004)The main idea was that to counter this powerful surface warships and nuclear propelled missile cruisers and aircraft carries they have to develop more powerful underground fleet (Munns, 2004). With the development of the nuclear power, the first ship that was ever built by the Americans that went to sea is the USS Nautilus. It went to sea on January of 1955. It is propelled by pressurized-water nuclear reactor plant. This firs submarine built by the Americans sets the new standard for submarines (Huchtausen, 2002).The Russians on the other hand, built their first submarine which went to sea on a much later date. The K-3 or also known as Leninsky Komosol, it is a part of the November class of attack submarines only went to se a only on 1958. This submarine was the first Soviet sub who have reached the North pole, only in 1962, which the United States first sub USS Nautilus have already done four years earlier. The November class submrines however had serious problems one example was the accident happened in 1968 of its K-27 due to a radioactive gas lead which killed 9 people (Huchthausen, 2002).The next Class of submarines that was built by the Americans was the Skipjack Class Submarines. Built in 1959, this attack submarine was the first to combine nuclear power which has extraordinary speed. This is more hydronamic which has a new teardrop hull design. All other US submarines that was created was based on this design. The known accident that happened for this class of submarine was on May 21, 1968 when the USS Skipjack Scorpion was lost in the sea and was nowhere to be found even due to extensive military search. All the 99 people aboard the submarine also lost their lives (Compton-Hall, 1999).The Sovi et built the Hotel-class submarines on 1960. This is the first Soviet Nuclear subs which carries with it ballistic missiles. The design of the November Class is much similar to that of the November class, but with much larger compartment to accommodate the ballistic missiles (Compton-Hall, 1999). On the same year the Skipjack Class was created, the US Military built the USS George Washington Class. Built and deployed on 1959, this submarine was the first Nuclear Ballistic missile submarine which was created. The main idea for this ballistic missile submarines was that it would attack land-based targets with its nuclear weapons. They are to be deployed near shore targets so that their long range missiles can easily hit their targets.The Soviets then build the Victor Class submarines in 1967. Their design was to attack enemy submarines and to protect surface ships of the Soviets. The new teardrop hull enabled the Victor Class to attain higher speed. The Soviets however abandoned the c onstruction of the second Victor submarine design after learning through spy information that the NATO forces could easily track them (Compton-Hall, 1999). Due to this, the Soviets created the Victor III submarine.The Americans on 1961 built the Thresher Class attack submarines. This submarine is much stronger, much faster, and can dive much deeper. It is also designed to be quieter than the Skipjack Class, the materials used in this class have more streaming improvements. The name was however changed from Thresher Class to Permit Class when the submarine Thresher sank in New England in 1963 killing all 129 crew (Huchtausen, 2002).In 1967, the Soviets created the Yankee Class submarines. This is the first Submarine that has the same firepower as that of the US submarines. This is much quieter than the Hotel Class due to a new hull shape, a new propeller design, and exterior sound-deadening coatings which is much harder to track. Several modifications were also made on this class, wi th its big design it was enabled to carry miniature submarines.On 1976, the Americans built and deployed the Los Angeles class. This class had 62 vessels built and is considered as the world’s largest nuclear-propelled submarine. This class was designed to primarily protect carriers and other enemy submarine. The purpose of this submarine was the same as that of the Soviet’s Victor Class. This submarine however was much more powerful than the Victor class because of its capability to do other special missions such as deployment of Special Forces on the ground and attacking larger targets. The Los Angeles class was also improved for better ice operations on the North and South Pole (Compton-Hall, 1999).The next class built by the Soviet and one of the last Class is the Typhoon class submarine. During its time, in 1981, it was considered as the world’s largest attack submarine. This improved design which is much quieter compared to its size. This submarine is also more maneuverable even if it is huge. The design of this submarine is much more complicated due to the existence of two pressure hulls which is parallel with each other and a third hull which is on top of them. This design increases its width and had simplified internal arrangements. Being part of a cooperative arms reduction program of the former Soviet states, six of the Typhoon class was dismantled in 2003 (Compton-Hall, 1999).The Ohio-class submarine is the last among the long line of designs of the ballistic-missile submarine fleet of US.   It replaced the old 1960s version and was larger and more capable than its precedents.   These subs can carry more and longer-range weapons, operate more quietly, and dive deeper (Compton-Hall, 1999).   Russia, on the other hand, designed the contemporary of Ohio, the Oscar submarines.   These are Russia’s largest and most advanced and are still active submarines.   Designed to attack U.S. aircraft carrier battle groups, it carries three times as many antiship cruise missiles than its predecessors (Compton-Hall, 1999).Norman Polmar and K.J. Moore, were two naval officials under the US Armed Forces who were interviewed by Munns in his book. They said that â€Å"the United States and the Soviet Union put to sea a combined total of 936 submarines, of which 401 were nuclear propelled,† during the whole Cold war from 1945-1991 (Munns, 2004). The Soviet Union was the one who is aggressive in the development of submarines. This development still continues until after the 1970’s where research and effort to make the vessels more powerful were developed.From the mid-1940s until early 1990s, Cold War was a period of conflict and competition between two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union.   It was also a period of great technological advancements in the military with no less than the development of nuclear submarines.   Faster, quieter and deadlier weapons were developed. It wa s also this same period which placed the entire world on edge. And knowing the potentials of these weapons, the war that never happened also brought unparalleled relief to mankind.WORKS CITED:Compton-Hall, Richard. The Submarine Pioneers. Sutton Publishing, 1999.Huchthausen, Peter. K-19: The Widowmaker—The Secret Story of the Soviet Nuclear Submarine. National Geographic Books, 2002.Munns, David W. Sea Power. May 2004. Retrieved at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3738/is_200405/ai_n9345820Polmar, Norman and Moore,K.J. COLD WAR SUBMARINES: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines.   Dulles, Va.: Brassey's, March 2004. 336 pp.Weir, Gary E. Deep Ocean, Cold War. Washington: Brassey’s, 1998.Evolution of Subs: U.S. and Soviet Submarine Milestones of the Cold War. National Geographic. < http://www.nationalgeographic.com/k19/evolution_main.html>

Intervening Variable Definition and Examples in Sociology

Intervening Variable Definition and Examples in Sociology An intervening variable is something that impacts the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. Usually, the intervening variable is caused by the independent variable, and is itself a cause of the dependent variable. For example, there is an observed positive correlation between level of education and level of income, such that people with higher levels of education tend to earn higher levels of income. This observable trend, however, is not directly causal in nature. Occupation serves as the intervening variable between the two, since education level (the independent variable) influences what kind of occupation one will have (the dependent variable), and therefore how much money one will earn.  In other words, more schooling tends to mean a higher status job, which in turn tends to bring a higher income. How an Intervening Variable Works When researchers conduct experiments or studies they are usually interested in understanding the relationship between two variables: an independent and a dependent variable. The independent variable is usually hypothesized to be the cause of the dependent variable, and the research is designed to prove whether or not this is true. In many cases, like the link between education and income described above, a statistically significant relationship is observable, but it is not proven that the indirect variable is directly causing the dependent variable to behave as it does. When this occurs researchers then hypothesize what other variables could be influencing the relationship, or how a variable might intervene between the two. With the example given above, occupation intervenes to mediate the connection between level of education and level of income. (Statisticians consider an intervening variable to be a kind of mediating variable.) Thinking causally, the intervening variable  follows the independent variable but precedes the dependent variable. From a research standpoint, it clarifies the nature of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Other Examples of Intervening Variables in Sociology Research Another example of an intervening variable that sociologists monitor is the effect of systemic racism on college completion rates. There is a documented relationship between race and college completion rates. Research shows that among 25 to 29-year-old adults in the U.S., Asian Americans are most likely to have completed college, followed by whites, while Blacks and Hispanics have much lower rates of college completion. This represents a statistically significant relationship between race (independent variable) and level of education (dependent variable). However, it is not accurate to say that race itself influences level of education. Rather, the experience of racism is an intervening variable between the two.​ Many studies have shown that racism has a strong effect on the quality of K-12 education that one receives in the U.S. The nations long history of segregation and housing patterns today mean that the nations least-funded schools primarily serve students of color while the nations best-funded schools primarily serve white students. In this way, racism intervenes to affect the quality of education. Additionally, studies have shown that implicit racial biases among educators lead to Black and Latino students receiving less encouragement and more discouragement in the classroom than white and Asian students, and also, that they are more regularly and harshly punished for acting out. This means that racism, as it manifests in the thoughts and actions of educators, once again intervenes to impact college completion rates on the basis of race. There are numerous other ways in which racism acts as an intervening variable between race and level of education.

Word Choice Into vs. In To - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Into vs. In To - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Into vs. In To In speech, the distinction between â€Å"into† (one word) and â€Å"in to† (two words) is pretty easy to miss. As a result, â€Å"into† and â€Å"in to† are often (wrongly) used interchangeably in writing. However, there is a difference between these terms. And while this isn’t exactly the worst grammatical error you could make, you’ll want to avoid confusing â€Å"into† and â€Å"in to† in formal or academic writing to ensure clarity. Into (Movement and Change) The preposition â€Å"into† has various uses, but most fall under the following categories: Expressing movement towards or entering something (e.g., â€Å"Bob climbed into the box†); Indicating a change in state (e.g., â€Å"The chemical turns into a gas when heated†); Meaning â€Å"about† or â€Å"relating to† something (e.g., â€Å"An inquiry into spending habits†); Showing interest in something (e.g., â€Å"I’m really into yoga these days†). Getting into yoga may involve twisting your body into some interesting shapes. The first of these covers physical movement, but can also include continued movement towards a specific point in time: She worked deep into the night to solve the problem. Likewise, when used to describe a change, this can be physical, but it can also be something more abstract, like a change in emotional state or translating something â€Å"into† another language. Importantly, all of these relate to movement, action or change. In To (Part of a Verb Phrase) As the variety of definitions above might suggest, using â€Å"into† is correct a lot of the time. The main exception to this is when â€Å"in† appears next to â€Å"to† in a sentence as part of a phrasal verb, which is when â€Å"in† is used with another word to create a verb phrase, such as â€Å"break in† or â€Å"drop in.† This can be confusing when â€Å"in† is followed by â€Å"to,† as the temptation is to combine these as â€Å"into.† But when â€Å"in† is part of a verb phrase, it needs to be kept separate from the preposition â€Å"to†: I stepped in to separate the fighters. – Correct I stepped into separate the fighters. – Incorrect Here, for instance, the verb phrase â€Å"stepped in† (meaning â€Å"intervened†) is treated as a single element in the sentence, with â€Å"to† a preposition indicating the reason for acting. Saying â€Å"I stepped into separate the fighters,† on the other hand, doesn’t make sense. This is because the preposition â€Å"into† implies entering something, but â€Å"separate the fighters† doesn’t follow from this. Nor is shouting Im going to enter you! an acceptable form of trash talk during a fight. Into or Into? As mentioned above, a lot of the time â€Å"into† is the correct term to use when describing a movement, action or change. In these cases, â€Å"into† is a single preposition. This is different when â€Å"in† is used as part of a phrasal verb followed by â€Å"to,† since here â€Å"in† is not used as a preposition in the sentence. Keeping â€Å"in† and â€Å"to† separate in these cases helps to ensure clarity, as it clearly shows the structure of the sentence. Remember: Into = Preposition indicating movement, action or change In to = Part of a verb phrase

Architecture And The Everyday Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Architecture And The Everyday - Essay Example Thus, although politics dictated a small budgetary allowance for the construction of a large building and current design practices place a great deal of emphasis on the engineering rather than the aesthetics of a particular work, the architects of the Jubilee Library in Brighton were able to mesh all of these concepts with a design that served the common man and his need for aesthetic beauty, proving Upton’s point that the everyday architecture should not be and perhaps cannot be separated from the concepts of aesthetic Architecture as a serious venture. The library can be seen to strongly grasp the importance of showing the structure in engineering and materials used as it proudly displays its support columns, glass and tile curtain walls and concrete slab supports. It meets with the budgetary constraints of the political powers that be in its use of inexpensive and locally acquired materials even as it focuses attention on the need to create ‘Green Architecture' that r educes the building's impact on the environment through a variety of means that also function to reduce the cost of daily operation. Yet, even as it accomplishes all of these feats, it remains an aesthetically beautiful building that inspires the creativity and the imaginative use of the structure by the local population, encouraging thought and reflection by its simple existence and meeting the requirements of the more aesthetically minded Architects in their need for adhering to theory, philosophy and the principles of design.

Globalization of Financial Markets SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization of Financial Markets SLP - Essay Example nd of the Second World War, organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the GATT has spearheaded efforts for trade and development the world over (Caruana, 2007). Thus the goal of globalization is fast becoming a reality. The GATT gave way to the WTO or World Trade Organization on January 1, 1995. The WTO is a better representative of world trade with a membership of more than 150 countries of all sizes from various parts of the globe. However, globalization has been regarded as a two edged sword by some developing nations. They state that opening their borders to the more developed nations result in a gain to the developed economies while putting themselves at a loss. This is because the international franchises fast take over the new territories. People are attracted to them and spend a lot of money there, resulting in capital outflows to the developed world. There is a strong case for protecting the home industries from being ruined by opening the doors to globalization. Also the membership of the WTO requires adherence to the principles of non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable commitments and transparency, the larger and more stable economies generally get more favorable status . Standards of quality control demanded by developed nations like the ISO certification may be hard to achieve by less technologically developed nations (Berniker et al., 2001). Let us take the case of Brazil. Brazil is one of the world’s leading economies and has the fastest growth in Latin America. It imports machinery, oil, electrical and transport equipment, chemicals, electronic goods and auto parts (CIA World Factbook, 2011). It exports steel, paper, iron ore, soybeans and coffee. China, the USA and Argentina rank among its best trading partners in terms of volume of trade conducted with them. Exposure to world markets has undoubtedly affected the price of coffee and soybeans both at home